The Processes of Peacemaking and Peacebuilding.

The term "peacemaking" is used in several different ways. According to the UN, peacemaking is "action to bring hostile parties to agreement, essentially through such peaceful means as those foreseen in Chapter VI of the Charter of the United Nations; Pacific Settlement of Disputes."[1] In this sense, peacemaking is the diplomatic effort intended to move a violent conflict into nonviolent dialogue, where differences are settled through representative political institutions.

The objective of peacemaking is thus to end the violence between the contending parties. Peacemaking can be done through negotiation, mediation, conciliation, and arbitration. International law provides another channel through international courts.[2]

For example, the jews during the holocaust lived thought a very tough time as shown in the movie Schindler’s List. They were forced to work very long hours. They were given very little food. They had to sleep on hard and cramped wooden bunks. The bathrooms were just holes in a piece of wood that covered a pit where all the waste went. Here is no respect for people, who are human beings entitled to choose their destiny.

"Invictus" is a poem filled with the interpretations and vision of the author. It was written by the great William Ernest Henley in 1875. The word invictus itself, is Latin for "unconquerable". This theme is carried on throughout the poem in stanza's, most obviously, "for my unconquerable soul." The theme is derivative from the experiences Henley was going through at the time he wrote this classic. The sickness that wracked his body, tuberculosis, and his battle with it, inspired "Invictus". Henley had been diagnosed with tuberculosis at the young age of twelve. His foot had become infected and therefore was amputated. Although advised by surgeons, Henley refused to have his other foot suffer the same fate. Henley lived a full life until the age of fifty-six. The poem was written while Henley was still hospitalized.

The last paragraph of this poem Henley finishes powerfully. "It matters not how straight the gait" meaning it didn't matter how confined, strict or one-way it had seemed. "How charged with punishments the scroll" meaning no matter how many times his actions may have backfired, his regret for his decisions or what the consequences were for his choices. "I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul." He was the one in control. He could change the outcomes, he was(in control) *said this shortly before* of his own future. Henley would not give into his tuberculosis, he would change his fate and fight with his strength. He knew who he was and he would conquer his demons. who are human beings entitled to choose their destiny.

Poem about Destiny.

Sometimes I wonder what it is like to be free about destiny,

Like dolphins swiming and jumping in the sea,

Or like young eagles way in the skies,

Calling to each other with joyful cries.

Oh!, to be free and without a care,

Not to live in mortification or constant fear.

To live each day and take flight,

To be forever untouched by negative things.

Destiny is not a matter of chance, is an individual decision

whether we want to cultivate this friendship,

This love, we think it is our goal.

Ethnic conflict

Ethnic conflict seems to be common in all countries of the world where people are divided into separate ethnic groups, that may have a racial, national, linguistic, tribal or religious. This case out that ethnic conflicts, war and terrorism are usually the result of the influence of charismatic leaders that persuade people into sharing their beliefs and performing their wishes. This relates that the use of violence or threat with political intentions aimed towards minorities or communities is usually carried out by non-governmental groups or secret organizations, which operate outside the regular parameters of official war or political negotiation.

The International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (article 1) does not define "race" but it does define "racial discrimination" to mean "any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life." Ethnicity is explicitly subsumed under this definition by the term "race". Most human rights treaties simply refer to "race" and do not use the terminology of "ethnicity".

At any given time during the past decade, several ethnic conflicts have raged around the world. In the year 2001, these include such well-known cases as Kosovo, Chechnya, Israel, Kashmir, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. In the view of many political analysts and social scientists, the era of the Cold War and ideological conflict has given way to an era of ethnic wars and cultural conflicts. Whether one subscribes to this characterization or another (one of the most convincing is that this is the era of globalization), ethnic conflict is an undeniable feature of the contemporary sociopolitical landscape. [1]

What is its cause? The problem with answering that question is not the lack of theories, but rather an excess. Around the question of ethnic conflict has sprouted a plethora of answers, a thicket of theories suggesting variously that (1) cultural traditions and historical legacies are giving rise to "primordial hatreds"; (2) the socioeconomic tensions produced by modernization and uneven development stoke violence among ethnic groups; and (3) political disorder and "failed states" create a "security dilemma" between ethnic groups that are often exploited by ambitious and unscrupulous "political entrepreneurs.

Ethnic conflicts or wars are never completely resolved unless they end in genocide. Ethnic hatreds thus tend to simmer, with racist lies. But although advertising can be an extremely persuasive message that creates the type of strife discussed in Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict: Current Controversies, it is never predestined to succeed and many ethnic groups have rejected its emotional appeal. Nations committed to peace can take solace in this fact as they attempt to strengthen ethnic relations within their own borders and around the world.

Globalization of infectious diseases.

"(We) stand on the brink of a global crisis in infectious diseases. No country is safe from them. No country can any longer afford to ignore their threat." - World Health Organization.

Although the most of the immediate burden of infectious diseases is levied on those least able to afford it (the peoples of the developing world, Africa and India both suffer significant population lost each year from infectious and parasitic diseases. “Approximately 5 million people in Africa and 2 million people in India especially children) die each year because of these diseases. In Africa and India’s there are many infectious disease deaths account for a 70% percent of infectious disease deaths worldwide and 13% percent of all deaths worldwide.”

Infectious disease is a principal major public health issue for both developed and developing countries. For developing countries the human cost is immediate and severe in terms of premature deaths, diminished economic productivity, and orphaned children. For developed countries, infectious diseases are a threat on the horizon because of the problem of new and drug resistant infectious diseases migrating to the industrialized countries. The developed world’s stockpile of treatment drugs is being systematically depleted because of microbial evolution, and the increasing resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs.

In Africa, the situation is dire. AIDS has already killed almost 14 million people, and the pandemic is still unfolding. Twenty-two million are currently living with HIV/ AIDS, and during the next decade, life expectancy at birth is expected to drop from 60 years old to about 40 years old and an estimated 40 million children will be orphaned. In some sub-Saharan Africa countries, up to 25% of the adult population has HIV/ AIDS”.

In conclusion, the World Health Organization said "We have a window of opportunity to make dramatic progress against ancient diseases, and to establish an early warning system to protect us from new and unexpected diseases. If we fail, increased drug resistance and the emergence of new bacteria and viruses threaten to make the control of infectious diseases both scientifically and economically unlikely in the future." real effort to improve health conditions, think that every day there is more poverty but health conditions favorable, it will help reduce the number of diseases.

The Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction.

Throughout this century, international pressure for a world in peace and harmony and transform the global political balance after the end of the Cold War, led to a large extent, the momentous conclusion of multilateral agreements, many of whom were sponsored by the UN. With these initiatives, by the mid-nineties, the entire southern hemisphere would become a major nuclear-weapon-free zone, thus reducing the risk of nuclear proliferation in the world.

These regional treaties oblige, equally, to non-nuclear-weapon to submit to inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the process of nuclear fuel processing, so as to ensure proper compliance with them.

Faced with this reality, must we conclude that it is futile to try to combat the spread of WMD through a collective, rule-based system of international security — and that we have to acquiesce to living in a world plagued with the constant threat of a nuclear holocaust or other disasters? I do not believe so. But reliance on a system of collective security to curb the proliferation of WMD will require bold thinking, a willingness to work together, and sustained effort. The following steps, among others, are in my view urgently required.

In conclusion, thinking that all these weapons of mass destruction should be illegal because of the damage that produces, not only in humans, in which they could be murder, also it could deform the human; also every living thing, and actually every thing that surrounds whenever these weapons are used. A the problem is that the countries that had these arms are the most powerful in the world so because of their interest they are not going to accept in dropping or eliminate its production of weapons.

Sello Verde: Talk on about Supply Chain in Intel ®. (Globalization Week)

Thursday. September 23, 2010 Executive Board # 4

Sello Verde: Talk on about Supply Chain in Intel.

Presenter: Alfredo Arce (Intel®)

The talk was given by an employee of the Intel ®, applied to how the company is working since its creation (over 40 years), but now, using the supply chain of the company in a solid, way supply chains.

What is A Supply Chain?

A set of linked processes to transform raw materials into end products & their distribution to customers, as well as the associated flow of information & cash.

Intel ®, has a way of using the supply chain: Demand (shaping sensing & responding to demand), Supply (Plan, source, Make, Deliver, Return) products (goals).

Update on improvements, Intel ®, uses a series of strategies.

- Accelerate the PC globaly.

- Extend Intel Architecture into 3 adjacent market segments.

- Build new businesses by tackling big problems.

A all this to improve and increase its position in the world of global competition (intel rises to world’s seventh most valuable brand)

Intel ®, Supply Chain Vision:

“We are the Supply Chain leader recognized by Intel ®, our customers and the industry” #18 (around the world)

Intel ®, is a company that contributes to globalize, but this country has produced the work, where national capacity and is prepared to give quality to enter the world market, This company is evolving in a positive way to improve competition, significantly reducing delivery times and giving more confidence to their customers. This is globalization.

The Global Warming influence.

The global warming is consequence increase in the Earth's average temperatures, all is brought about by the accumulation excessive of greenhouse gases, or gases that allow sunlight to into (enter) the Earth but prevent heat from escaping it to produce several.

Principal circumstances about Global Warming is increasingly thick layer of pollution from carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, mainly from power plants and automobiles, that traps heat in the atmosphere. The effects to more impact are a climate change, because climate has change may be, and result ecological, economic. This rise in temperature will finally result in an increase in the mortality rate of people

Actually many people and governments are already working hard to cut greenhouse gases, from everyone can help. Organization and researchers have suggested one approach that they call "stabilization wedges." This means reducing GHG emissions from a variety of sources with technologies available in the next few decades, rather than relying on an enormous change in a single area. They suggest 7 wedges that could each reduce emissions, and all of them together could hold emissions at approximately current levels for the next 50 years, putting us on a potential path to stabilize around 500 ppm.

In Costa Rica, there are several organizations and tourism in the same chamber, where they promote ozone layer protection, with a harsh message for industries, a called to conserve the environment since Costa Rica is a country privileged by having the density large flora and fauna, which Contribute to the country's economy and welfare of the world.

In conclusion, the reduction of global warming is on the conscience of every citizen, which, if each individual action to improve the world and share information on conservation, with family, friends, and have the opportunity to improve where we live , will leave for the future generation a planet to lives, to enjoy.

The Human Rights in Costa Rica.

The Human rights is an equal rights and freedom for everybody, by the fact of being human and without distinction of any kind of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinions. However, many people have always suffered from the lack of them throughout history. In fact, the lack of human rights has a lot of effects on people lives.

In Costa Rica, the previous reference should also explain more. We can’t limit ourselves to the simple defense that is waiting for the violation of human rights to act. We are called by the same ethics that is understood as the maximum potential development of man, to promote human rights. Indeed, individual development and progress of society rests on the ethic that is the principle of respect for the dignity of each person and improve his quality as such.

For example, small indigenous groups claim their rights and the approval of the United Nations Declaration on Indigenous Peoples' Rights (particularly articles 26, 27 and 29), which recognize the rights of these natural resource and the existence of particular laws. Article 15 provides that the right of indigenous peoples to natural resources on their lands deserve special protection. These include the right to participate in the use, management and conservation of these resources.

Talking about this, is cherished as a superior being, and not considered human rights as a means but an end in itself. To all this, what is important is to have better mechanisms of protection argue what is the point and lead to concepts if you do not protect. There are more and more national and international agencies that are created to protect human rights, but voluntarily enrich them, to enrich those who protect, respect and protect freedom, equality and customs. We would give a great step in democracy and lead to the development of the nation.